GeriQBank · Topic
Dementias, mild cognitive impairment, BPSD and caregiver support.
Set 3 or more times
RECURRING TOPIC ALERT — Reversible dementias appear repeatedly in MD Geriatrics papers, usually as a 15-mark long question or as a “how will you investigate a patient with cognitive decline” case. Additional recall scaffolding is given…
Newer / Current Drug Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease Fifteen–Twenty High-Yield Points Principles Drug therapy in AD has two aims: symptomatic benefit (cholinergic and glutamatergic agents) and disease modification (anti-amyloid…
Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Dementia Fifteen–Twenty High-Yield Points Concept A biomarker is an objectively measured indicator of a normal or pathological process. In AD they are needed because clinical diagnosis alone is unreliable and…
Set twice
Dementia is a clinical syndrome of sustained, acquired loss of intellectual function and memory, severe enough to cause dysfunction in daily living, occurring in clear consciousness. Loss of functional ability due to impaired cognition…
Dementia. Note: This question repeats Question 1 in condensed form. A rapid-recall sheet is given below rather than a repeated full answer — use it for final-night revision and refer to Question 1 for the expanded treatment. DEFINITION…
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the preferred term for entities previously called the Lewy body variant of AD, Lewy body dementia, senile dementia of Lewy body type and cortical Lewy body disease. DLB and Parkinson’s disease dementia…
Set once
The MCI construct originated with Ronald Petersen and the Mayo Clinic group, and has been repeatedly revised as biomarker science advanced, chiefly to locate MCI within the prodromal phase of Alzheimer’s disease. MCI is defined by (i) a…
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs), also called behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), are defined as signs and symptoms of disturbed perception, thought content, mood or behaviour occurring in a person with dementia.…
dementias. The four common dementias are Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD/FTLD). AD and VaD account for the vast majority and frequently coexist; DLB is…
These three molecules define the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum and its close relatives. FTLD is neuropathologically, genetically and clinically heterogeneous, and the term FTLD is preferred to “dementia” because…
Pick’s disease is a tau-positive frontotemporal lobar degeneration characterised pathologically by Pick bodies, and is one of the classical non-reversible degenerative dementias of the central nervous system, listed alongside…
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic communicating hydrocephalus with ventricular enlargement in the presence of normal mean cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure, presenting with a characteristic clinical triad and being one…
Alzheimer's Dementia — Pathogenesis, Molecular Advances, Drugs and Newer Modalities Fifteen–Twenty High-Yield Points Definition and epidemiology Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing sustained loss…
Advances in the Diagnosis of Early Alzheimer's Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment Fifteen–Twenty High-Yield Points Concept and definitions Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cognitive impairment, not dementia (CIND) describe…
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RECURRING TOPIC — ASKED 3 TIMES. Appears both as a 15-mark essay and as a 7-mark note. Both versions are given below, followed by extra recall scaffolding. Definition. Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs), also called behavioural and…
RECURRING TOPIC — ASKED 3 TIMES as a 7-mark note. Extra recall scaffolding is given after the answer. Pivot from Question 21: Question 21 covers the whole BPSD syndrome including drugs. This answer is pivoted entirely to the non-drug…
Recognise the scale and the domains of impact. Caregiving affects the carer’s physical health, mental health, financial well-being, social support and spiritual well-being. Caregivers of people with dementia are particularly vulnerable,…
Pivot from Question 23: Question 23 asks how you would address caregiver stress with established interventions. This answer is pivoted to innovation and service design — technology, new models of delivery, workforce and policy — and…
RECURRING TOPIC — ASKED 3 TIMES as a 7-mark note. Extra recall scaffolding follows the answer. Definition and scale. Dementia is grouped into reversible or partially reversible and non-reversible types. Reversible dementia accounts for…
RECURRING TOPIC — ASKED TWICE as a 7-mark note. Extra recall scaffolding follows the answer. Pivot: the emphasis here is on evaluation, treatment and outcome rather than on the full biomarker classification — the criteria are stated…
Definition and concept. Vascular dementia (VaD) is dementia resulting from cerebrovascular disease, having evolved from the older concept of arteriosclerotic dementia. The current and preferred umbrella term is vascular cognitive…
The three screening questions. Any older person presenting with confusion should be assessed with three questions that separate the three D’s: (i) Has the onset of abnormalities been acute — over a few hours or a few days? (delirium);…