GeriQBank · Topic
Infections in older adults, tuberculosis, tropical infections and vaccination.
Set 3 or more times
reasons. Primary source: Pathy's, 6th ed. — "Preventive Geriatrics"; Essentials of Clinical Geriatrics, 7th ed. Immunization is primary prevention in geriatrics — the aim is to prevent infection-related hospitalisation, functional…
Primary source: Pathy's, 6th ed.; Essentials of Clinical Geriatrics, 7th ed. Current guidelines cited separately. Vaccination is the single most cost-effective primary preventive measure in geriatrics. Pathy's advises tailoring it to…
Herpes zoster (shingles) is a localised, painful vesicular eruption caused by reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) from dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia, where it has lain dormant since primary chickenpox. The…
Textbook coverage: Pathy's and Essentials describe infection in old age (altered presentation, blunted fever, gram-negative predominance, atypical features) and sepsis as a complication of pneumonia, biliary disease and DIC, but do not…
Textbook coverage: Pathy's covers the coagulation limb in detail in Ch. 23 (Disseminated intravascular coagulation) — sepsis is the commonest cause of DIC, occurring in 20–80% of severe cases with a mortality of 20–50%. The consensus…
Screening tools have been reordered: SSC 2026 strongly recommends NEWS, NEWS2, MEWS or SIRS in preference to qSOFA as a single in-hospital screening instrument, because qSOFA lacks sensitivity and detects patients too late.…
Set twice
Immunosenescence — thymic hypoplasia with reduced T-cell production and function, reduced mucosal barrier function, and preserved B-cell numbers — means adaptive immunity is greatly affected while innate immunity is little affected.…
Primary source: Pathy's 6th ed. — Ch. 1, Ch. 2, Ch. 9 (preventive geriatrics), Ch. 39 (pneumonia), Ch. 43 (respiratory infection in the elderly). Immunosenescence covers all age-related changes that result in decreased immune function…
Set once
Classical FUO (Petersdorf and Beeson, 1961) means fever above 38.3°C on several occasions, lasting more than 3 weeks, with no diagnosis after 1 week of hospital investigation. Durack and Street (1991) revision is the version used today:…
Atypical presentation means an infection that presents without its classical localising or systemic features, and instead declares itself through non-specific geriatric syndromes. It matters because atypical presentation delays…
Definition: antibiotic-associated colitis caused by toxin-producing Clostridioides difficile, a spore-forming anaerobic gram-positive bacillus. Disease is mediated by toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin); the hypervirulent…
Burden: influenza causes an enormous burden in the elderly. More than 90% of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza during epidemics occur in people aged 65 and over, and US hospitalisation rates reach 1195 per 100,000 in those…
CPAP delivers a single continuous positive pressure throughout the respiratory cycle through a nasal or oro-nasal interface. It acts as a pneumatic splint for the upper airway, recruits collapsed alveoli and increases functional…
CDC Yellow Book / ACIP guidance. The uploaded textbooks contain no travel-medicine vaccination chapter; Pathy's does note that air travel spreads influenza, TB, measles, SARS/MERS and COVID-19 through close cabin proximity, and that…
No university frequency data yet
Classical definition. Petersdorf and Beeson (1961), modified by Durack and Street (1991): a temperature >38.3 °C (101 °F) on several occasions, of more than 3 weeks' duration, remaining undiagnosed after appropriate investigation —…
shock 15 MARKS ASKED ×2 ANSWER Textbook Core – 10 Points Definition of shock. Acute circulatory failure causing inadequate tissue oxygen delivery relative to demand, leading to cellular dysoxia, anaerobic metabolism, lactate…
What it is. A 116-amino-acid precursor peptide of calcitonin, encoded by the CALC-1 gene. In health it is produced only by thyroid C cells and is completely cleaved to calcitonin, so circulating levels are negligible (<0.05 ng/mL).…
Definitions and why they matter in geriatrics. Infection prevention and control (IPC) is the set of measures that prevent transmission of pathogens within healthcare settings. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is a coordinated programme…
Definitions of drug resistance (WHO 2021 revision). Mono-resistant — resistance to one first-line drug. Poly-resistant — resistance to more than one first-line drug other than to isoniazid and rifampicin together. MDR-TB — resistance to…
Source note: Not covered in the uploaded textbooks; content is from WHO consolidated guidelines on rapid diagnostics and Indian NTEP policy, and is presented as current evidence. What it is. Xpert MTB/RIF is an automated,…
Definition. Herpes zoster (shingles) is reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) from the dorsal root ganglion, where it lies dormant after childhood chickenpox. Reactivation occurs because of immunosenescence. Post-herpetic…
Why older adults are the highest-risk group. Immunosenescence and inflammaging, multimorbidity, reduced pulmonary and cardiac reserve, and frailty make age the single strongest predictor of severe disease and death. Residents of…
Why it matters in older adults. Influenza A and B cause annual epidemics, and the great majority of influenza deaths occur in those aged over 65 — through primary viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia (S. pneumoniae, S. aureus,…
Rationale. Immunosenescence — thymic involution, reduction in naive T cells, impaired B-cell affinity maturation and class switching — together with inflammaging, both increases susceptibility to infection and blunts the response to…
Source note: Not covered in the uploaded textbooks; content is from WHO and current outbreak-response literature. Aetiology. Ebolavirus is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA filovirus (family Filoviridae). Six species are…
Source note: Dengue and leptospirosis are not covered adequately in the uploaded textbooks. The geriatric principles below (blunted febrile response, atypical presentation, narrowed homeostatic reserve, the need to consider drug and…
Source note: Not covered in the uploaded textbooks. The geriatric principles (blunted febrile response, atypical presentation, narrowed reserve) are from Pathy's and Kane's; disease-specific content is from WHO, NCVBDC and current…
Source note: Not covered in the uploaded textbooks; content is drawn from current Indian and international literature and clearly separated from the geriatric principles taken from Pathy's and Kane's. Aetiology and epidemiology.…
Definition. A diffuse, potentially reversible encephalopathy complicating Plasmodium falciparum infection, defined strictly as unrousable coma (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤11 in adults; Blantyre ≤2 in children) persisting for more than 30…
Definition. Significant bacteriuria without any signs or symptoms attributable to urinary infection. Quantitatively: ≥105 CFU/mL of the same organism in two consecutive clean-voided specimens in women, one specimen in men, or ≥102…
Definition and the central rule. CAUTI is a symptomatic urinary infection in a patient with an indwelling urethral catheter, or within 48 hours of its removal. All patients with chronic indwelling catheters have bacteriuria, which is…
Definition and organisms. Acute bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma, usually arising by ascending spread from the bladder and, less often, haematogenously. Urinary infection is among the commonest infections of older…
Definition, and the essential first step. Recurrent UTI is two culture-proven episodes in 6 months, or three in 12 months. The first management step is to confirm that each episode really was a symptomatic, culture-proven infection. The…
Definition and risk factors. Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-producing anaerobe causing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis through disruption of the colonic microbiota and…